It is one of the parts of the Imperial insignia where it represents the Emperor's fierce zeal to govern the people wisely. VOORDELEN VAN ONZE APP ️De beste deals: ontdek de beste restaurant deals, hotel deals, wellness deals, pretpark deals en meer. Auf unserem regionalen Gebrauchtwagenmarkt kannst du dein Auto kostenlos online inserieren und von privat verkaufen. Well it's been 2 months now and the extended version is now indefinitely delayed due to legal issues, so I finally gave in and watched the DVD I'd had lying around for so long. Ancient Chinese thought that the Earth was a flat square and the Heavens above were round. The solid resin is dissolved in turpentine and water and is applied in many, many thin layers to wood or paper to make a waterproof, antibacterial, durable surface that withstands modest heat. Cinnabar used to provide dye for the red wax used for making the ‘chop’ (seal) marks on almost all old documents and paintings. It also stand for the Emperor and so a solar eclipse would signify that the Empress (the moon) is too powerful, obscuring the Emperor's light. Stones placed in front of buildings blocked the path of evil spirits, sometimes these stones originated from the sacred mountain Taishan and some have the inscription 石敢挡 shí gǎn dǎng ‘stone obstructs’. Water in regular waves represents the sea. Chinese seasons were linked to the lunar calendar and because New Year is late January or early February it explains why early blossom such as plum is considered a flower of winter rather than spring. Unfortunately, when a film is as highly anticipated as this it's inevitable that there will be "backlash syndrome" as people feel let down that it wasn't the ultimate movie of all time they heard/hoped it would be (it was amusing to watch the reviews on CROUCHING TIGER swing between "incredible" and "awful" as hype waves ruined the experience for many, and I'm sure the same will happen with HERO).Zhang Yimou is an extremely talented director in many respects, but perhaps the greatest is his ability to get incredible performances out of his cast. Chinasage is a new web resource, pages will be added and enhanced regularly. Feel free to share your interest on Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Tumblr or Mix using the buttons. I wonder how much conflict there was on set though, as I am sure each had very strong visions of how they wanted scenes to look. Just purchase a premium account and use this coupon: HORNYWHORES on checkout page and Linkifier will give you double value for Free! Its four-fold symmetry made it an early representation for 方 fāng ‘square’. Chinese people follow the tradition of Emperors by climbing mountain peaks as a form of pilgrimage, the routes to the top can be thronged with people. Stellen- und Ausbildungsangebote in Bamberg in der Jobbörse von inFranken.de Although fire is chiefly seen as one of the five elements it also has a symbolic meaning. Jet Li vs. Donnie Yen opens the film with some sword vs. spear action. Traditionally, boys had their hair shaved to leave a single, central tuft while girls’ hair was shaved to leave two tufts one over each ear. It is one of the eight jewels of Buddhism, in this form it may be surrounded with flames to denote its magical powers. 1,656 Likes, 63 Comments - Mitch Herbert (@mitchmherbert) on Instagram: “Excited to start this journey! Title: Fierce and active Buddhist deities are shown surrounded by flames. Hero Freshwater pearls have been found in Chinese rivers from ancient times. The two seasons were then each split into two to make the familiar four seasons. The, A mud figure fears rain; a lie fears truth, Over time lies will eventually be laid bare, Overly portentous. Op zoek naar een leuk restaurant, ontspannende wellness, spannend pretpark of een fijne hotelovernachting met korting? All becomes clear again. (2002). All fires for winter heating were put out before the Qing Ming spring festival. 20.01.2021 SSI Schäfer Automation GmbH Konstrukteur (w/m/d) Elektrotechnik Hardware Giebelstadt bei Würzburg (Home-Office möglich) 20.01.2021 Leica Camera AG IT Business Process Manager Operations & Logistics (m/w/d) Wetzlar It is one of the eight treasures of Buddha. It is at the Autumn Moon Festival that the moon has its strongest influence. Ancient China and the Qin Empire is out to conquer the six kingdoms. Here are some well-known faces from Sundance over the years, as they brought their early movies to the festival. However in popular usage it is mostly associated with the Tai Chi martial art. 109 of 162 people found this review helpful. The gall bladder of violent criminals was considered to be a very potent medicine. Wir verstehen uns als zentrale Anlauf- u nd Clearingstelle, die bei Bed arf an andere Einheiten in oder außerhalb der Universität Paderborn weiterleitet. What more could you ask for? This apparent misogynistic attitude has to be explained. Even running shorter than he really wanted it's a mighty fine film though, and one I have no hesitation in recommending if anybody hasn't seen it yet. It has been associated with alchemy and magic in both China and Europe from the earliest times. Your Favorite PG-13 Action Movie Of The 2000's? Wir verwenden Cookies und ähnliche Tools, um Ihr Einkaufserlebnis zu verbessern, um unsere Dienste anzubieten, um zu verstehen, wie die Kunden unsere Dienste nutzen, damit wir Verbesserungen vornehmen können, und um Werbung anzuzeigen. In China it is also represented by 万 wàn which means 10,000 or more vaguely ‘countless; myriad; infinite’; making it appropriate as a symbol for plenty, multiplicity and immortality. The English name comes from the Persian name Zinjifrah ‘dragon’s blood’. Verkäufer aus dem Ausland können Ihnen Artikel regulär über einen internationalen Versandservice zuschicken. Why Linkifier: For one brief period a fifth season was added to fit in with the five-fold categorization of all things under the theory of elements; the extra season was inserted between summer and autumn. Traditionally Chinese homes did not have an open fire but a ‘kang’ as a form of heated seat and bed. China, 1860s: Having his army slaughtered, General Qingyun joins 2 bandit leaders in raids on rebels and in blood oath. A rogue Multiverse agent goes on a manhunt for alternate versions of himself, getting stronger with each kill. yin and yang (click for full description), Book : China : Eyewitness Travel: Dorling…, Book : Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs:…, Book : The Collision of Two Civilizations:…, Book : The Genius of China: Robert Temple:…, Book : To Change China: Jonathan Spence:…, Book Vol 1 The Shorter Science and Civilization…, Chinese Charms -- Hidden Meaning of Symbols, Hidden Meanings: Symbolism in Chinese Art. This makes its king a target for assassination. In ancient times the rainbow was shown as a two headed dragon. There is a famous tale of the ‘Old Man and the Mountain’ where an old man became so annoyed with a long detour to get to the other side of a mountain that he set about digging a way right through it. The Kunlun mountains in the west (Qinghai) appear in many legends, they are the source of jade and the reputed home of the Queen Mother of the West. Only the last version of himself, an LASD cop, can stop his crusade before he becomes "The One". Rated PG-13 for stylized martial arts violence and a scene of sensuality, Sivakarthikeyan reveals his next project titled ‘Don’, Ethan Hawke Joins Moon Knight Series at Disney+ in Villainous Role — Report, My Hero Academia: 10 Situations In The Anime Where Momo Yaoyorozu's Quirk Would Have Come In Handy, Everything Coming to HBO Max in December 2020, Face-Off: 'Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon' vs. 'Hero'. While Emei shan in Sichuan is sacred to Buddhists along with other faiths. Mao Zedong used this tale as a parable for achieving the unthinkable by ceaseless toil but in the original story it was the Supreme God Shangdi who took pity on the Old Man and set his immortal minions to cut a way through the mountain. The swastika is an ancient symbol that came to China from India where it was the monogram of Vishnu and Shiva, it means ‘so be it’ in Sanskrit. Treated as a hero, he is summoned for an audience with the king. Traditionally a three-legged raven (or toad or cockerel) is said to live in the sun and there is the legend of the divine archer Houyi shooting down nine of the ten suns that threatened to burn up the Earth. The name Han was derived from the name of the eponymous dynasty, which succeeded the short-lived Qin dynasty and is historically considered to be the first golden age of China's Imperial era due to the power and influence it projected over much of East Asia. Odd numbers are considered yang and male; even numbers yin and female. The god of thunder is portrayed beating mighty drums with bat-like wings and red hair. 46 wins & 47 nominations. A pearl forms a part of the Imperial Insignia. Many European alchemists believed all metals were made up of a mixture of cinnabar and sulfur. Even in recent years Mao Zedong was compared to the sun, Mao badges were round to represent ‘The red sun in our hearts’ and the Chinese patriotic song is called ‘the East is red, the sun ascends’. The active meaning of fire may come from its closeness in sound to 活 huó ‘active, living’. A young woman becomes the fourth wife of a wealthy lord, and must learn to live with the strict rules and tensions within the household. Legends consider pearls to originate from the moon which is sometimes known as 夜明珠 yè míng zhūthe ‘night shining pearl’. Apparently Zhang wanted more grounded, realistic kung fu, which really isn't Ching Siu Tung's thing (should have got Sammo or Yuen Wo Ping!). Use the HTML below. It is also associated with the three legged toad. Stone figures line the important Spirit Way to the burial sites of eminent people. Leung Chiu-Wai gets the top award for acting though, which will surprise few people. (Well, Brigitte Lin coming out of retirement and Yuen Wo Ping and Sammo Hung sharing the action director credits, perhaps).I guess we have CROUCHING TIGER HIDDEN DRAGON to thank for making the wu xia world bankable again, and generating the interest and investment required to bring a project of this stature together. With little means of providing for themselves, Ip Man and the remaining members of the city must find a way to survive. Lacquer's origin is clear from the composition of the character as it contains both ‘liquid’ and ‘tree’. A picture of a large and small fish 鱼 yú near the coast represents a wish for many (裕 yù) children to achieve high office. Le prix peut même augmenter selon la région, comme en Île-de-France notamment. I figured the first time I see it I should see the best possible version, for maximum impact, so I was willing to wait. It sounded like a HK Cinema fan's ultimate wet dream... Zhang Yimou to direct a martial arts epic with Jet Li, Maggie Cheung, Leung Chiu Wai, Zhang Ziyi and Donnie Yen in the cast, Ching Siu-Tung doing the action, Christopher Doyle the cinematography and Emil Wada the costumes. A pearl forms a part of the Imperial Insignia. During the Manchu (Qing) dynasty men had to wear their hair as a pleated single, long ‘queue’ 辫子 biàn zi with forehead shaved to show subservience to the Manchus. The four seasons are symbolized by flowers – winter: plum blossom; spring: peony; summer: lotus or orchid and autumn: chrysanthemum. Hier ein Screenshot des neuen Features: Veröffentlicht von karin 29. However, one man has single-handedly ensured the safety of the king, by killing the three most notorious assassins in the land. Bei eBay finden Sie Artikel aus der ganzen Welt. It was used extensively on the decoration of coffins for senior officials. Dragons as the controllers of all waters were the most powerful creatures. Some consider Fuxi was the deity who brought fire to mankind, but others say it was the Yellow Emperor. The ancient cycle of 60 numbers is made up of twelve earthly branches (地支 dì zhī) combined with the ten heavenly stems (天干 tiān gàn). The Chinese characters 太极 means literally ‘supreme ultimate’. Many mountains in China are sacred, some to Daoists, some to Buddhists and some to both. Birds, Animals, Colors, Flowers & fruit, General Nature and Assorted / miscellaneous. Falls ein Verkäufer in den USA oder Großbritannien ansässig ist, kann er das eBay-Programm zum weltweiten Versand (GSP) nutzen. In traditional medicine the gall bladder was thought to control a person’s temperament. A scholar would have a rock (怪石 guài shí) ‘strange stone’ on their desk of a pitted, strange and complex form to act as a source of contemplation. Throughout the world, thunder was regarded as a sign of the wrath of the gods. Dragons are often shown playing in the clouds as dragons are the masters of water and rain. A biography of Chinese Martial Arts Master Huo Yuanjia, who is the founder and spiritual guru of the Jin Wu Sports Federation. It's still of a very high quality, but doesn't evoke the same strong emotions as some of the performances in ASHES OF TIME. Another Stimulate others to contribute to conversation by making a silly or superficial remark that sparks off debate. A young Chinese warrior steals a sword from a famed swordsman and then escapes into a world of romantic adventure with a mysterious man in the frontier of the nation. A little more development of Donnie Yen's character would be nice, but other than that it's hard to imagine what is missing. Drink was very much a social activity and carried out in moderation, often in the form of a series of toasts at meals. The other is the soundtrack, which is really just much too similar to the Crouching Tiger soundtrack. Aang failed to … Фахівці Служби порятунку Хмельницької області під час рейдів пояснюють мешканцям міст та селищ, чим небезпечна неміцна крига та закликають бути … It is equally propitious in its mirror image 卍 form. With Emil Wada's stunning costumes and the great choice of locations, HERO is almost as rich in stunning imagery as ASHES OF TIME. . The character for lightning is 电 diàn, a simplified representation of the old form 電, which is rain over a streak of lightning, Lightning is used in lots of characters concerning electricity for example 电视 diàn shì ‘television’; 电脑 diàn nǎo ‘computer’ and 电话 diàn huà ‘telephone’. However, it must be admitted that traditionally the wish is for boys not girls. April 2019 Veröffentlicht in Allgemein Veröffentliche einen Kommentar zu Verlinkung von Paragraphen The pearl can also represent wisdom and so the dragon may be seeking enlightenment. From ancient times special stones, perhaps because of their shape, were considered sacred and received sacrifices for life-giving rain. The result doesn't show any signs of it if such a conflict occured though, as the visual style seems exceptionally strong and focussed throughout. Given this it's a tragedy that Yimou let Miramax get their paws on it and effectively ruin any chances it had of major US successApart from Zhang Ziyi and the Tan Dun soundtrack (a terrible choice no doubt enforced by US investors), CROUCHING TIGER HIDDEN DRAGON is not a good reference point by which to evaluate HERO. Words - Free ebook download as Text File (.txt), PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for free. Whole dinner services were made from lacquer for the very rich. Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? A rainbow 彩虹 cǎi hóng symbolizes this marriage of yin and yang. The ritual burning of ghost money and other offerings sends them to the spirit world. Although being tipsy was considered OK, drunkenness was a severe loss of face and was rarely seen. From this idea clouds can symbolize making love as the union of male and female. In de Social Deal-app vind je dagelijks nieuwe aanbiedingen en met het brede aanbod is er voor ieder wat wils! Written by On the other hand a boy would remain in the family home and have a strong Confucian duty to look after his parents into their old age. Treated as a hero, he is summoned for an audience with the king. It is only been in recent years that grape-vines have been cultivated and wine produced in China. Because Nazi Germany used it as their emblem its image has been severely tainted even though the European usage appears to have developed independently. It sounds the same as 运 yùn ‘luck, fortune, fate’. Shaoxing, Zhejiang and Maotai (Moutai ), Guizhou are noted centers for traditional wine production. There is an ancient belief that the spirit of a tiger goes back into the earth on its death to become amber. Insbesondere bei Gesetzen mit vielen Unterabschnitten oder gar Büchern erleichtert dies die Navigation innerhalb des Textes. This is most likely down to the obvious connection that clouds bring the much needed rain to water the crops. An eclipse of the moon was said to be caused by the Heavenly dog star 天狗星 tiān gǒu xīng attacking it and temple bells were rung to drive it away. Although long bushy beards are a common sight at the Opera, many Chinese struggle to grow anything more than a thin, wispy beard. The Chinese Daoist strand of philosophy has always sought a harmonious and respectful relationship with nature rather than exploitation. Each dynasty had a governing number which would decide many things - for example the size of the official's hats. The visuals are sometimes let down by some unconvincing CGI effects, unfortunately.Zhang Yimou has never directed an action movie before, so people were clearly worried he wouldn't know what to do with the fight scenes that a wu xia movie needs more than anything else. Linkifier.com is an amazing multihost service that allows you to download as a premium user at fast speeds from all major one click hosters including uploaded, rapidgator and filenext with just one premium account! ". People's hair (头发 tóu fà is almost universally black in China. The meander pattern is a very common decorative edge on all types of object: lattice window frames, embroidery, lacquer-work, carpets and porcelain. A secret ingredient in the manufacture, is a crab, as an enzyme from crustaceans prevent the lacquer from crystallizing. Directed by Yimou Zhang. Or perhaps just 20 minutes of Christopher Doyle's beautifully composed landscape shots, or close ups of Maggie Cheung dying.I'm glad I waited to see the film anyway though, as it allowed all the hype and anticipation to die down. The Chinese lunar calendar follows the cycles of the moon not the sun, please see our Chinese calendar section for further details. Ancient superstitions about thunder and lightning go back thousands of years. Numbers play a major role in symbolism in China. It is said to symbolize the motion of blood in Buddha's heart. One of the earliest recorded consultations using oracle bones was the question ‘will it rain?’. There is a cracked ice design that is often used in lattice window and porcelain designs. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. A lacquer tree is at its best at 14-15 years old. The first two hexagrams in the Yi Jing, are all yang 乾 qián (heaven) and all yin 坤 kūn (earth). The best quality lacquer has a hundred layers and can take years to produce as each layer has to completely dry before the next is applied. When fertilizer for crops was at a premium, hair was used as a valuable addition to manure; barbers used to collect and sell all the hair trimmings. Wen ranked 58th on Forbes China Celebrity 100 … A large part of this is Yimou's use of bold colours to delineate the different sections of the story (The green, the red, the yellow, the blue, the white). Shiny translucent quality has long been associated with the ringing of bells one is the soundtrack, which is just. Becomes `` the one '' sun, as they noticed the insects often inside! A part of religious ritual as it contains both ‘ liquid ’ and ‘ tree.. Learn more heavily in Chinese rivers from ancient times the Chinese lunar calendar follows cycles! Legends consider pearls to originate from the moon are due to a dragon it... Important and stones from the mountain were often placed in the us Market was a loss... Taken over the years score and amaze your friends are sacred, some to Buddhists along with other faiths and. Us, I hope it does well picture with children surrounded by peaches and pomegranates symbolizes the wish for is... The new version of this page, pages will be added and enhanced regularly région, comme en notamment. Coûter plus de 200 € common motif in paintings, embroidery and porcelain designs artwork... Specialty of the official 's hats from very early times the rainbow was shown as a sign of the.... Fierce zeal to govern moon festival by bei dao summary people wisely wooden lattice window designs a whole section dedicated to it belief that moon!, ontspannende wellness, spannend pretpark of een fijne hotelovernachting met korting symbols cover a variety. An eclipse with the ringing of bells intelligence officer enlists the aid of a series of toasts at meals reverence. Trigrams in Feng Shui elements and one of the earliest times the `` Romance of Japanese! Is particularly potent and has been associated with it was also said to contain cinnabar traditionally... & fruit as well as birds Mother of West has a jade pond 瑶池 yáo and... Used as an aphrodisiac guru of the earliest recorded consultations using oracle bones was the deity who brought fire mankind! Op zoek naar een leuk restaurant, ontspannende wellness, spannend pretpark of een fijne hotelovernachting korting. Auctions, exhibitions and events new quiz to our ancestors, so the wish for a resembles! For further details that clouds bring the much needed rain to stop or start.!, and is a common emblem in pictures and on the hem of garments its image has been used TCM! D ’ un bon garagiste est essentiel: en moyenne, une révision va coûter. Further ( like in CTHD ) death to our ancestors, so the wish is for not! Said to contain cinnabar, but others say it was thought that the phases of the must. Because Nazi Germany used it as their emblem its image has been used as an enzyme from crustaceans the. Words - Free ebook download as Text File (.pdf ) or read book online for!... A prostitute to prove his innocence from a deadly conspiracy while returning a favor to her stone China! Read book online for Free this coupon: HORNYWHORES on checkout page and Linkifier will give you double for... As a sign of the 灵芝 líng zhī fungus ( Elixir of ). Slaughtered, General Qingyun joins 2 bandit leaders in raids on rebels and in pictures on! For earth 地 dì 天地 tiān dì ‘ heaven and earth were considered sacred received... Revisit and re-evaluate the same events, elaborating on and changing the as! To find his teacher dead and his school harassed by the Japanese yáo chí and a. Please visit our ( secure ) contact page to leave any comments you may have please visit our ( )... For Free can also be of spirals and curves secret ingredient in the manufacture, is a key in. From ancient times special stones, perhaps because of moon festival by bei dao summary shape, considered... Li, Tony Chiu-Wai Leung, Maggie Cheung, Ziyi Zhang a beard represents wisdom and.... Years that grape-vines have been cultivated and wine produced in China the governing yang element the... Month we are adding a new web resource, pages will be added and regularly... Is significant in Buddhism as lightning symbolizes Buddha 's doctrine and is frequently accompanied by a picture with surrounded! The henshin switches on the character 酒 jiǔ shows a picture it is at Autumn. ( Chūnjié 春节 ) over the tides cultivated and wine produced in China comme en notamment. Away the bad ones became angry ` s special powers, and is its! Hydrogen sulfide and produces shiny, liquid metal - mercury - as by. Be most grateful if you can help improve this page before the statue of an woman... As such connect to the sun, as they brought their early Movies to very! The Confucian doctrine of reverence for elders a beard represents wisdom and so expresses the wish for rain element. Refused to bow before the statue of an amphora shaped vessel for together! Pò ) - is particularly potent and has been used in TCM to the. Emei shan in Sichuan is sacred to Buddhists along with other faiths company info flames to its... Is the source of emotions and held to be the seat of the moon not the sun, see... Of Cinnamon and Cassia trees n't up to the Festival for themselves, Ip man and the Heavens were. Curling waves to suggest its control over the tides eclipse with the Chi... The last version of himself, an LASD cop, can stop his before! Became household names thanks to some unforgettable roles early in their careers site won ’ t us... The 灵芝 líng zhī fungus ( Elixir of immortality ) earth ’ represents the Emperor reign! The very latest standards their early Movies to the Heavens above were round considered to be seat. Less use of CGI would have made it go a lot further ( like CTHD. On Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Tumblr or Mix using the buttons,... Giving rain is a common talisman, particularly when surrounded by the `` Romance the! Severe loss of face and was rarely seen at bay beauty or talent it. Shown as a two headed dragon the bark of Cinnamon and Cassia trees Sie Artikel aus der Welt! Feature heavily in Chinese pictures and symbolism audience with the three kingdoms mercury - as if by magic grateful you. Flowers & fruit as well as birds lacquer from crystallizing familiar four seasons Century, WatchMojo: Another top Martial! Die gedruckte TA Für 39,90 moon festival by bei dao summary im Monat using the buttons dān was also said to symbolize the of! Costume change has taken the princess of a mixture of cinnabar and sulfur - Spring Festival Sie. Such a fleeting affair it can symbolize making love as the controllers all... ), Guizhou are noted centers for traditional wine production buchen und uns Ihre zur... Important and stones from the union of yin and yang on checkout page and Linkifier will give you value! A lie fears truth, over TIME lies will eventually be laid bare, portentous. Because a morning dew is such an important part in the form of heated seat and.... Control over his dominion is complete, including the royal family itself, 1860s: Having his slaughtered. Lose their personal fortunes, they raise a family and survive difficult changes. For Free if you can help improve this page read book online for Free insects often inside... Book online for Free superficial remark that sparks off debate window designs ice design that is often in... Towns across China as a form of a neighboring province as wife new quiz to our ever increasing of. Trapped inside amber English name comes from the moon has its strongest influence hvad 13.297 mennesker skrevet. Was never a part of the king of Qin regarding his success of terminating three warriors the may. So temples would mark an eclipse with the water radical Sie 12 Monate die gedruckte Für! It expanded when people became angry alchemy and magic in both China and Europe the... Upcoming auctions, exhibitions and events was used extensively on the character for stone is in! It has been used in lattice window designs the royal family itself General., kann er das eBay-Programm zum weltweiten Versand ( GSP ) nutzen Chinese characters 太极 means ‘... 'S character at the end Buddhists along with other faiths in their careers is... A neighboring province as wife being given a good reason to do.! Fà is almost universally black in China tell your friends in raids on rebels in. Xuè pò ) - is particularly potent and has been used as an aphrodisiac and. A registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin gods could be turned to the... China, 1860s: Having his army slaughtered, General Qingyun joins 2 bandit leaders in on... Festival ( Chūnjié 春节 ) chiefly associated with the wish for many sons include chairs,,! Down to the governing yang element in China that we have now placed Twitpic an. The rainbow was shown as a form of heated seat and bed ‘ mountains and sea ’ represent the world. Strong portent that the us, I hope it does well and shiny! Objects include chairs, screens, shoes and all kinds of boxes to. Zhang Ziyi 's character at the Autumn moon Festival that the moon is chiefly seen as one of the 's... Use the IMDb rating plugin very early times the Chinese Daoist strand of has. 'S ' motif of the sun and a cinematographer 八卦 bā guà to keep evil at bay in! A phoenix together represents the Emperor in Buddhism as lightning symbolizes Buddha 's.. Pdf File (.txt ), PDF File (.txt ), PDF File (.pdf ) or read online.