micrococcus luteus biochemical tests micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

Oral microbial flora of reptiles includes bacteria from Proteus, Porphyromonas, Micrococcus, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera 5,8,15. I would hypothesise that because we clean our shower regularly, that most of the bacterium un the shower drain would come from people in my family taking a shower, and mostly be from the skin. As its name suggests, mannitol salt agar (MSA) contains 1% mannitol (sugar), 7.5% salt, and agar as a solidifying agent. To sample, I used sterile cotton swabs and streaked them on TSA plates. A number of sophisticated tools are now available for clinical diagnosis. Notice that beta-hemolysis results in a total lysis or clearing of the agar in the area of colony growth. Similar to the situation in the prosthetic valve endocarditis that is caused by more aggressive and highly resistant bacteria. It has been isolated from human skin. This bacterium is often arranged in the form of circular tetrads and it forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. This microbe forms large, round colonies. I used the PATRIC software to perform a metagenome binning and to assign a taxonomy to the bacteria. Micrococci have been isolated from the human skin, animal and dairy products, and in beer. 2. Intermediates or end products of these varied metabolic activities can be detected by performing biochemical assays on a bacterial culture. Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. Microbiome 2(27). Kaiju webserver metagenome binning analysis chart. They are usually normal flora but can be opportunistic pathogens in certain immunocompromised patients. (2010) What are microbes? Micrococcaceae. Table 2: Graph of the genomic reads by taxonomic level using Korona. Gram Staining. The confidence on that reading is decently confident, evidenced by the blue coloring. 2- M. luteus 3- M.roseus Culture: - Strictly aerobic at 37C incubation (24 hr) - Grow on ordinary media Nutrient agar - Blood agar and on the Blood agar M. roseus (pink) M. luteus (white) M.varians (yellow) - On m annitol salt agar grow given r ise to rose or pink colonies except M. roseus. Micrococcus luteus ( M. luteus ), is a Gram-positive bacteria, 0.05 to 3.5 microns in diameter, that is most commonly found in mucous membranes such as the nasal cavities, the upper respiratory tract, and the lining of the mouth. Micrococcus species by the Taxo A Bacitracin disk test can also be differentiated from staphylococcus species. . View Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx from BIOL 250L at University of South Carolina. The Micrococcus genus is known to be found on dust particles, in water, on skin and skin glands in vertebrates, and some species can be found in milk. The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. 2. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. All of these are described in the lab 6 handout and were kept in the incubator at 38 degrees Celsius. You can change these settings at any time, but that may impair functionality on our websites. Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine, Challenges in Blood Group Alloantibody Detection, Clinical Applications of Complement Testing, Collecting Blood from Patients with Vascular Lines, Diagnosis of Syphilis Using the Reverse Algorithm, Liquid Chromatography LC Basics and Separation Techniques, Liquid Chromatography Separation Mechanisms, Optimal Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies, Pharmacogenetics for Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions, Sensitivity Specificity and Predictive Values in Diagnostic Testing, Transfusion Support in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant, Clinical Chemistry Guide to Scientific Writing, Commission on Accreditation in Clinical Chemistry. Rawis M, and AK Ellis (2019). M. luteus is the majority of reads on the species level. M. luteus can also cause septic shocks in immuno-compromised people. I chose to sample bacteria from inside my roommates nose. Micrococcus luteus This Gram positive coccus is found in tetrads, irregular clusters, and cubical packets of eight. View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. The antibiotic resistance test showed only minor resistance to the antibiotic Oxacillin, which is likely due to a chance inheritance in the population or complete chance because of the weak strength. This suggests that some of the Micrococcus species on the basis of ribosomal RNA analysis eventually can be re-classified into other microbial genera. . Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. Catalase, if present, will break down the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is difficult to differentiate Kocuria from Micrococcus with conventional biochemical methods; therefore, these organisms are often reported together as Micrococcus/Kocuria species. Biochemical Test Chart (You will not fill in every blank in this chart.) 2. Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of heart valves. Micrococcus luteus was one of the early examples of novel codon usage,[5][6] which led to the conclusion that the genetic code is not static, but evolves. Oxidase (modified oxidase) test: Positive. It has been isolated from human skin. Those are extremely toxic because they are powerful oxidizing agents and destroy cellular constituents very rapidly. Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. The differentiation is based on the detection of oxidase enzyme. Note the bright yellow, non-diffusable colony pigment which is a defining characteristic of M. luteus. The differentiation of the Gram-positive cocci encompasses 4 main exercises used to compare and contrast the characteristics of each family: These four tests will, as we shall see, allow for the differentiation of the families of organisms and will guide the laboratorian to other more definitive tests for the identification of the organism. The negative oxidase result conflicts with M. luteus (Public Health England). Mannitol salt agar (MSA) is a selective, differential, and indicator medium used to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus from the clinical specimen. // They also produce yellow or pink colonies when they are grown on the mannitol salt agar, micrococcus flavus, M. terreus, and M. yunnanensis. Micrococcus luteus ( Scanning electron micrograph ) Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive bacterium of the genus Micrococcus. Micrococcus luteus Grown on BrainHeart Infusion Agar, Klebsiella characteristics on MacConkey Agar, Clinical Case Leukocyte Vacoulation Bacterial Infection, Segmented neutrophilic granulocyte during degradation, DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation), Creatinine Phosphate Kinase (CPK) and CK-MB Overview. Micrococci can often carry plasmids that provide the organism with useful traits. The data on the GC content of the DNA, chemical cell wall analysis, and a comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences. Some streptococci also possess unique cell wall carbohydrate antigens that can be identified by reactivity with specific indicator antibodies in an agglutination assay (Lancefield typing). There have been several deaths in immuno-compromised children that are caused by leukemia from the pulmonary hemorrhages because of Micrococcus. Biochemical 1- Catalase (+ve) 2- Coagulase (-ve) There are around nine species that are recognized in the genus. They are seldom motile and are non-sporing. download full PDF here, Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. The kaiju metagenome binning shows that the microbe sample is not completely pure (Figure 2). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. [3] Its genome was sequenced in 2010 and is one of the smallest genomes of free-living Actinomycetota sequenced to date, comprising a single circular chromosome of 2,501,097 bp.[4]. With this almost universal range of survivable living conditions that microbes can live in (particularly bacteria), it would be reasonable to assume that there would be at least one variety living in such a nice, wet, and aerated place as my shower drain. This microbe is coccus shaped and forms in tetrads. When looking at the antibiotic test results, the isolate is resistant to none of the applied antibiotics, and is only lightly to intermediately resistant to oxacillin. What are the Diseases that are Caused By Micrococcus? This kit utilizes enzymatic reactions to release bacterial DNA from the cell. Luteus is an obligate aerobe (medical. I suspect that the API 20E test strip results were negated by having used an inactive colony, as the fluid thyoglycate test failed as well. Perkins1, Sarah D., Jennie Mayfield2, and Victoria Fraser3 And. This bacterium can withstand massive doses of UV radiation and it also has the capability to degrade certain pollutants such as petrol. Optimum growth temperature is 25-37 C. The previous classification of these organisms was much simpler; however, with the use of more advanced genetic sequencing methods, these gram-positive cocci have expanded into 4 separate families and their associated genera. Know more about our courses. It shows that the sample contains bacteria from the Terrabacteria group. November 27, 2021 at 9:14 AM Hi sir, why Macrococcus and Micrococcus will not ferment . Download Scientific Diagram from www.researchgate.net. We found this to be true because the filter paper turned blue, which showed that the species has the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme. I then transferred the pure culture into a TSB slant to preserve it, keeping it at around 3 degrees Celsius in the lab refrigerator. Catalase test was the first biochemical test to be done . These residential skin organisms are also fairly ubiquitous in the environment. This is in agreement with a study by Mohana et al., (2013) who reported that the carotenoid pigments had antioxidant properties of Micrococcus luteus was reported at IC50 of 4.5mg/ml, also the . Motility (Motile / Non-Motile) Non-Motile. Book a free counselling session. Most of the bacterium in the gram stains were gram negative, but a significant amount, about twenty percent, showed up as gram positive. This bacterium can also be transmitted to others due to poor hand-washing practices. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. The categorization of bacteria in the clinical laboratory is based on the reactivity of the organism when stained by the Grams staining reagents. The reactions of the four isolates indicated that they belonged to the species M. Zuteus (Kocur & Martinec, 1972). all 3 tests done w/SIM deeps just add Kovac's reagent for Indole test Alcaligenes faecalis (left) - . The Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, and Cefazdin antibiotics showed obvious susceptibility, with most of them having enormous rings of 50 to 52 millimeters while the threshold for resistance is only 15 millimeters. Date: FEB.11.2016 It shows that it is mostly Actinobacteria, with some firmicules ,and proteobacteria mixed in (Figure 2). Colonies typically have a lemon-yellow pigment. They can be found in boiling hot springs; they can be found in frigid waters in the artic. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. The third image represents the colony morphology of many of the streptococci and enterococci. The oxygen class of the microbe, obligate aerobe, matches up with the predictions I had made about it because the bacteria was originally sourced in a nostril. Micrococcus luteus. I used the Kirby-Bauer, or disk diffusion test to test for this, described in lab handout 9. The MacConkey agar is selective for gram-negative which is why my microbe didnt show much growth on it, and because it didnt change colors it means it didnt ferment the lactose. DNA release from the cell is coupled with adsorption of DNA onto a silica spin-column . It has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years, as assessed by 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer. Micrococcus Luteus Oxidase Test: The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. It is reported here that gliotoxin selectively spares a unique class of haemopoietic stem cell that forms large (HPP) colonies in the presence of mixtures of MCSF and IL3. They are found in many other places in the environment, including dust, water, and soil. Your email address will not be published. The tetrads of the micrococci, the grape like clusters of the staphylococci, and the pairs and/or chains of the streptococci are shown. Like MSA, this medium also contains the pH indicator, phenol red. Filter paper disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (oxidase reagent) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are used. They are indole negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, and citrate negative. Thus, when dealing with Micrococcus infections, it usually takes several cultures that are being grown and examined before one realizes that Micrococcus is indeed the culprit. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. In contrast to staphylococci, usually, penicillin is sensitive. Genus: Micrococcus. M. luteus causes odours in humans when breaking down the components of sweat. The Culture Collections represent deposits of cultures from world-wide sources. Environmental Testing. Recent reports, however, confirm that micrococci may be associated with human infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. I extracted the DNA using the PowerSoil DNA kit (manufactured by Qiagen) following manufacturer instructions. Required fields are marked *. Other articles where Micrococcus luteus is discussed: Micrococcus: found in milk, such as M. luteus, M. varians, and M. freudenreichii, are sometimes referred to as milk micrococci and can result in spoilage of milk products. The gram stain of this microbe showed that it is gram positive because it stained purple. Maximum production of pigments was observed at 35C, pH 9 and at 4% (W/V) NaCl concentration. The taxonomic assignment of this microbe was micrococcus luteus because it was the only bin that PATRIC gave. If the agar plate is held up to a light source, you can sometimes see through the agar, as is pictured on the left. Care must be taken when using a sample of organism acquired from a sBAP since erythrocytes also produce catalase. Although many of the members of these families have low pathogenicity and are classified as causes of opportunistic infections, those organisms most often cited as pathogens are listed on this slide. Bacteria Detail., The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. Though not a spore former, the Micrococcus cells can survive for an extended period of time, both at refrigeration temperatures and in nutrient-poor conditions such as sealed in amber. Ans: Although it is a harmless saprophyte, Micrococcus luteus can act as an opportunistic pathogen. Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Student Name Date 1 Lot Number(s) Record the lot numbers for each bacterial . Take a clean, scratch free glass slide. Micrococcus spp. Where the M. luteus can cause severe skin infections and is sometimes clinically mistaken for Staphylococcus aureus. The tests that did not agree were most likely from not having an active colony used in the experiment, such as the oxidase test being negative or the API 20 E test strip showing that the isolate did not reduce nitrate, which it does, referencing Medical Laboratories. [2] It resists antibiotic treatment by slowing of major metabolic processes and induction of unique genes[citation needed]. nishinomiyaensis and Micrococcus luteus. Micrococcus spp. When performing tests for physiological traits, the results were limited. It is Gram positive, Coagulase positive, catalase and oxidase positive non-motile bacteria. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. Wieser et al. The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. When viewing the organism microscopically, the staining characteristics of the organism provide important information for identification. This is a test for aerobic (able to use oxygen) catalase-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. In future works with this microbe, I probably would want to purify the culture more and redo the tests. Micrococcus has a substantial cell wall in which it may comprise as much as 50% of the cell mass. Micrococcus is a spherical bacterium found on dead or decaying organic matter while Staphylococcus is a gram-positive bacterial genus that produces a bunch of grape-like bacterial clusters. Biochemical Pr Organism Enterococcus faecalis Lactococcus lactis Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus The nasal cavity microbiota of healthy adults. I grew my isolated in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for a week to prepare for DNA extraction. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, An exploration into a pharmacists microbes, An exploration of microbes present in the blood of processed moose. The organism itself is susceptible to almost all drugs, with a few strains being resistant to nitrofurantoin, macrolides and lincomycin (Public Health Canada). The genome of the Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine, they typically exhibit about 65 to 75% GC-content. M. luteus is found in the soil, dust, water, and human skin flora. Micrococcus luteus, a commonly found member of the Micrococcaceae, produces round colonies which are convex (curving outward) with smooth, entire margins. The large polysaccharide molecule starch contains two parts, amylose and amylopectin, these are rapidly hydrolyzed using a hydrolase called alpha-amylase to produce smaller molecules: dextrins, maltose, and glucose. They are found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of skin. Micrococcus luteus (left) Alcaligenes faecalis (middle) Reduction of nitrate to nitrite to be used as a final electron acceptor/Nitrate reductase. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative enteric bacteria, all of which are glucose fermenters but only some of which produce gas. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 122(1):17-24. M. lylae can be distinguished from the closely related species Micrococcus luteus by lysozyme susceptibility, genetic composition, and the type of cell-wall peptidoglycan. I am an associate professor in the Clinical Laboratory Science program at Wayne State University. Benecky M. J.; Frew J. E.; Scowen N; Jones P, Hoffman B. M (1993). 2014). Some are based on monoclonal antibodies, and others on simple, rapid . A summary table is included which lists the results of the identification criteria discussed in the tutorial. Micrococcus luteus in tetrads arrangement. I kept the plate at room temperature for 7 days, and then selected a colony to purify using the pure culture streak plate method. Beta-hemolysis is a defining characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus and a certain streptococci. They have a respiratory metabolism, often producing little or no acid from carbohydrates, and are usually halotolerant, growing in 5% NaCl. If I were to continue researching this isolate, I would redo the API 20 E test strip with a fresh, active culture to ensure that it can reduce nitrate, and also the oxidase test to ensure that it does have cytochrome c oxidase present, which it should according to Public Health England. The identified reads only made up a total of twenty seven percent of the total reads, but the majority of those reads were for M. luteus. Micrococcus is the Gram-positive cocci that are about 0.5 to 3.5 micrometres in diameter and usually, these are arranged in tetrads or in irregular clusters. 1. They are catalase positive and often oxidase positive although this reaction may be weak (see Table 23.3 ). In the case of a negative test, no colour change is observed. If acid is produced, the pH indicator will turn yellow. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. Staphylococcus epidermidis contains cytochrome c which leads to turned purple after oxidation. Micrococcus are aerobic, Gram-positive cocci ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 m in diameter. From: Infectious Diseases (Third Edition), 2010 View all Topics About this page Based on the place of origin of the bacterium that I isolated, I hypothesize that it will either be one of the above bacterium or a similar water loving organism, likely one that also forms a biofilm. Microbes are too small to be seen by the naked eye; they can survive in conditions that many would think are unlivable like the anaerobic environment in the rumen of cows, hot springs, and cold Antarctic waters (What are microbes, 2010). [8], Norwegian researchers in 2013 found a M. luteus strain that synthesizes a pigment that absorbs wavelengths of light from 350 to 475 nanometers. In order to determine physiological characteristics of the culture such as cell shape, arrangement, and whether it was gram positive or negative, which helps determine the cell wall type of the microbe, I performed a gram stain. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of actinobacteria with a circular chromosome of 2,501,097 base pairs and a GC content of 73%. What is the biochemical test for Micrococci roseus? Micrococcus A study with 188 micrococci, identified only to the genus level, demonstrated MICs at achievable concentrations for most -lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, clindamycin and the most active drug in vitro, rifampin. CCTC (English) Defining characteristics of Micrococcus are the ability to aerobically produce acid from glucose glycerol, aesculin hydrolysis, arginine dihydrolase, major pigment production, motility, and conversion of nitrate to nitrite. Then to actually isolate a bacterium, I chose a colony from the initial plate and did a quadrant streak of it to further isolate the bacterium, and then incubated it at 38 degrees Celsius for a week. The colony morphology of being yellow, shiny and smooth line up perfectly with M. luteus (Public Health England). Many of the tests did line up with M. luteus though, such as the fluid thyoglycate test, which showed that it was an obligate aerobe. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. The bubbling reaction is almost immediate and distinct in appearance. The bacterium also colonizes the mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract. Micrococcus Public Health Agency of Canada., Public Health England. 1995; Wieser et al. Washington, DC 20001 Pearls of Laboratory Medicine CATALASE TEST: Catalases are enzymes that convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen gas. Results of the biochemical tests demonstrated that the M. luteus and M. varians strains could be distinguished by their actions on glucose and nitrate reduction (Table I). The configurations are the result of the plane of cellular division exhibited by the organism. Staphylococcus aureus. Alcaligenes faecalis Bacillus megaterium . Retrieved 06:20, April 16, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, Wikipedia contributors. I used an API Strep test to determine more of the sugars the bacteria could ferment. Enterococcus spp. The API test strips lack of results suggests that the I used the wrong test strip, I probably needed to use the Staph test instead of the Strep test, because the Strep test is for when Catalase is absent, but there could have been catalase present. In the final section of a study, it is essential to present important information, techniques, and variables. I performed a Gram stain test to identify if the bacterium was gram negative or positive, as described in the Lab 4 handout. Bharath. This would be read as K/A. Hybridization studies indicate that species within the genus Micrococcus are not closely related, showing as little as 50% sequence similarity. Structure and PhysiologyThis bacteria is Gram-positive, spherical, and an obligate aerobe.