[18], A classification of dictatorships, which began with political scientist Barbara Geddes in 1999, focuses on where power lies. In the former, for example, the President must appoint as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in parliament, who has three days to gain the confidence of a majority thereof. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. Nations with a legacy of military dictatorship (s) In Africa Algeria (1965-1994) Burkina Faso (1966-1991) Burundi (1966-1993) Central African Republic (1966-1993) Chad (1975-1991) Congo-Brazzaville (1968-1992) Equatorial Guinea (1968-1982) Ethiopia (1974-1991) Gambia, The (1994-1997) Guinea (1984-1991) Ghana (1966-1969; 1972-1979; 1981-1993) Therefore, the entire country operates on the whims of that one person. Caudillos were often nominally constrained by a constitution, but the caudillo had the power to draft a new constitution as he wished. In the 19th century, settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 12:26. These dictators may view themselves as impartial in their oversight of a country due to their nonpartisan status, and they may view themselves as "guardians of the state". 10. Latin America's new generation of dictators. This is understandable, as the terms are very similar. 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Military dictatorships are controlled by military officers, one-party dictatorships are controlled by the leadership of a political party, and personalist dictatorships are controlled by a single individual. This may be ensured through incentives, such as distribution of financial resources or promises of security, or it may be through repression, in which failing to support the regime is punished. Laos (since 1975) The Soviet Union occupied nationalist dictatorships in the east and replaced them with communist dictatorships, while others established liberal democratic governments in the Western Bloc. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. In oligarchies, the threat of a military coup comes from the strength of the military weighed against the concessions made to the military. The premise of the "people's democratic dictatorship" is that the Chinese Party of China and the state represent and act on behalf of the people, but possess and may use powers against reactionary forces. [149] Military and one-party dictatorships are more likely to experience terrorism than personalist dictatorships, as these regimes are under more pressure to undergo institutional change in response to terrorism.[150]. In some circumstances, monarchies are also considered dictatorships if the monarchs hold a significant amount of political power. [71] The aftermath of World War I resulted in a major shift in European politics, establishing new governments, facilitating internal change in older governments, and redrawing the boundaries between countries, allowing opportunities for these movements to seize power. However, a political rights score of 6 or 7 corresponds most closely with our definition of dictatorship, based on Freedom House's characterization: 6 Countries and territories with a rating of 6 have very restricted political rights. A dictatorship is a type of government in which a single personthe dictatoror party has absolute power. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Samantha Menzies 22 February 2016, 7:39 pm The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Capitalism is thriving in many parts of the world, with the list. [48], An absolute monarchy is a monarchy in which the monarch rules without legal limitations. A personalist dictator will manage these appointees by segmenting the government so that they cannot collaborate. Dictatorships that fail to repress the opposition are susceptible to collapse through a coup or a revolution. [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. People living under a dictatorship are often persecuted for unethical reasons, including their religion, sexual orientation, or economic status. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. Whether or not Putin is a dictator is a matter of some debate. [1][8]:454 It is important to note that these names do not have to correspond to the official or colloquial titles of any of the countries offices. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. The methodology is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, regardless of geopolitical, geographic, ethnic or religious considerations. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. [119][120][121][122], Most dictatorships exist in countries with high levels of poverty. [4] Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. [33] A ruling party in a one-party dictatorship may rule under any ideology or it may have no guiding ideology. This is a list of famous examples of fascism across history. The 20th century saw the rise of fascist and communist dictatorships in Europe; fascism was eradicated in the aftermath of World War II in 1945, while communism spread to other continents, maintaining prominence until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Accused of crimes against humanity, Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death in 2006. Examples of Fascism. If this institution can be effectively controlled by the dictator, it can become avaluable instruments of control over the population. They differ from other forms of dictatorships in that the dictator has greater access to key political positions and the government's treasury, and they are more commonly subject to the discretion of the dictator. Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. Italy's Mussolini. Benito Mussolini was the first generally recognised fascist leader. The leaders of dictatorships are not outwardly identified as dictators when other people are addressing them. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. People who are for dictatorship say it provides for a more stable government, helps abolish corruption, and is more efficient in emergencies. Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . [6], The opposition to a dictatorship represents all of the factions that are not part of the dictatorship and anyone that does not support the regime. The deadliest dictatorships are discussed below. Functioning of government: 3.57. Qatar - Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Bin Jabr Al-Thani Russia - Vladimir Putin, President of Russia Rwanda - Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda Saudi Arabia - King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Somalia - Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia South Sudan - Salva Kiir Mayardit, President Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. [citation needed]The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word . Current dictatorships include Zimbabwe, Uzbekistan, and North Korea. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. This world dictators list has everyone from Adolf Hitler to Kim Jong Un to many lesser-known rulers. in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. Elites in personalist dictatorships often do not have a professional political career and are unqualified for positions they are given. The name a democracy gives itself or its office does not indicate what type of democracy it is. Dictators often employ illegal and/or immoral methods to maintain their power and control, including the use of secret police, indefinite arrests, and concentration camps. Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. [14], Unless they have undertaken a self-coup, those seizing power typically have little governmental experience and do not have a detailed policy plan in advance. They are often characterized by their use of violence and repression to maintain power. [135] Negotiated removals are more likely to end in democracy, while removals by force are more likely to result in a new dictatorial regime. United Arab Emirates 2.69/10. [75] Lenin was followed by Joseph Stalin in 1924, who consolidated total power and implemented totalitarian rule by 1929. [143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. 5. [1]:71. This is a list of countries, nations, and states governed or ruled by a dictatorship, is sorted alphabetically and contains some information about each nation, such as the capital, and even the official language or currency of the country. Preference falsification, Internal politics, data scarcity, and restriction of media are just a few examples of the dangers of a personalistic authoritarian regime. Many countries which are seen as otherwise democratic are dictatorships because there has yet to be an alternation in power since their incumbent government has never lost an election. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. This list details eight of the world's current dictators and the poverty rates associated with each country. Miguel Daz-Canel, the son of Ral Castro who replaced him as president of Cuba, has kept the dictatorship structure in place that was established by Fidel Castro during the Cuban revolution. [102] The stability of the Soviet Union weakened in the 1980s. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence. China - Communist Regime 4. Democracy is broadly understood to mean 'rule by the people'. [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. 1. In the past, they wore olive-green uniforms and used military might to gain power. This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. In the latter half of the 20th century, Latin America witnessed a rise in authoritarian regimes across the expanse of the regionoften with multiple dictators following different political . In fact, you may devise any chart you like concerning politics or anything else and label left and right however you choose. Chad. [126] In particular, censorship by dictatorships helps solidify claims of legitimacy and marginalize the voices of opposition critics. [146], In a dictatorship, violence is used to coerce or repress all opposition to the dictator's rule, and the strength of a dictatorship depends on its use of violence. North Korea is one of the clearest examples of a totalitarian government. What are the countries with a democracy government? Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. Deadliest Dictator Regimes in History Maoist Catastrophe Between 1946 and 1976, China suffered under the rule of Mao Zedong, a communist revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China. But this is not the first time Myanmar is having the bitter taste of autocracy, in fact, their governance turned . [126] For dictatorships, societal compliance is necessary for the ruling entity to maintain its desired order, laws, revenue, and policies. [111][112][113] Latin America saw a period of liberalization similar to that of Europe at the end of the Cold War, with Cuba being the only Latin American country that did not experience any degree of liberalization between 1992 and 2010. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. If the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term then, the democracy is mixed or semi-presidential. Types. Democracies are classified by the rules in which executives can be appointed or removed and can be either presidential, mixed or semi-presidential, or parliamentary. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. (2010), Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland developed a six-fold regime classification scheme, resulting what the authors called as the DD datasets. [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. [138] A study found that dictatorships that engage in oil drilling are more likely to remain in power, with 70.63% of the dictators who engage in oil drilling still being in power after 5 years of dictatorship, while only 59.92% of the non-oil producing dictators survive the first 5 years. [145] Dictatorships may hold semi-competitive elections to qualify for foreign aid, to demonstrate a dictator's control over the government, or to incentivize the party to expand its information-gathering capacity, particularly at the local level. Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. Elites are also the primary political threats of a dictator, as they can leverage their power to influence or overthrow the dictatorship. Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the . They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. Brion Donal Cinhil Urien Haldane, 25th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1095 to 1120. Cinhil Aymeric Nygel Haldane, 22nd king of Gwynedd who shortly reigned in 1025. As you can see, fascism was at its highest popularity during the 1930's. 1. Synonyms for DICTATORSHIP: tyranny, autocracy, fascism, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, despotism, absolutism, autarchy; Antonyms of DICTATORSHIP: democracy . Van den Bosch, Jeroen J. J., Personalist Rule in Africa and Other World Regions, (London-New York: Routledge, 2021): 13-16, wave of left-wing revolutionary movements, List of countries by system of government, "Review: Totalitarianism, Social Science, and the Margins", "Generals, Dictators, and Kings: Authoritarian Regimes and Civil Conflict, 19732004", "Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-making in Fascist-era Dictatorships", "Theories of dictatorships: sub-types and explanations", "Personalization of Power and Repression in Dictatorships", "The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator", "The Five Ancient Criteria of Democracy: The Apotheosis of Equality", "When was the title Dictator perpetuus given to Caesar? Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. 3. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. He assumed office in August 1979 and has remained in power since then. [27], One-party dictatorships are more stable than other forms of authoritarian rule, as they are less susceptible to insurgency and see higher economic growth. Personalistic dictatorships: 4. The group may be military or political, it may be organized or disorganized, and it may disproportionately represent a certain demographic. Poverty alleviation in these 10 dictatorship countries is in some cases associated with human rights abuses, violent crackdowns on the political opposition and indigenous people. Other countries with dictatorships and authoritarian rule, such as Cuba, Syria, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Belarus, could also be considered totalitarian governments. [8]:457 Elected heads of state are usually referred to as "president." Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement", "Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement", Divergent Incentives for Dictators: Domestic Institutions and (International Promises Not to) Torture, "Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion Under Dictatorships", "How Foreign Aid Can Foster Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes", "Tyrants and Terrorism: Why Some Autocrats are Terrorized While Others are Not", "Dictatorship: Modern Tyranny Between Leviathan and Behemoth (Version 2.0) (english version)", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.001.0001, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictatorship&oldid=1142733963, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. scholarly analysis of Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin and Mao, as well as Kim Il-sung of North Korea; Franois Duvalier, or Papa Doc, of Haiti; Nicolae Ceauescu of Romania; and Mengistu Haile Mariam of Ethiopia. [62][63][64] Maximilien Robespierre has been similarly described as a dictator while he controlled the National Convention in France and carried out the Reign of Terror in 1793 and 1794. Organized opposition is a threat to the stability of a dictatorship, as it seeks to undermine public support for the dictator and calls for regime change. [123] The form of government does not correlate with the amount of economic growth, and dictatorships on average grow at the same rate as democracies, though dictatorships have been found to have larger fluctuations. Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. Since the Korean War, North Korea has been ruled by a series of autocratic leaders. [90] These new African governments were marked by severe instability, which provided opportunities for regime change and made fair elections a rare occurrence on the continent. Between 1967 and 1991, 12 Latin American countries underwent at least one military coup, with Haiti and Honduras experiencing three and Bolivia experiencing eight. Therefore, it is impossible to know if the regime is a democracy or a dictatorship, so DD Index considers them dictatorships until an alternation in power occurs. Given the degree of censorship and control China's government leverages over its citizens, most political experts would call it a dictatorship. While Latin America, Asia, and Africa were already dictatorship countries, they differed from the dictatorships formed in what became known as the Eastern Bloc. Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. [8]:457, The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. Mao established the People's Republic of China as a one-party communist state under his governing ideology of Maoism. Albania - Communist Regime 3. For dictatorships, monarchic, military and civilian dictatorship. [68] The Spanish American wars of independence took place in the early-19th century, creating many new Latin American governments. To enact policy, a dictator must either appease the regime's elites or attempt to replace them. Uganda - 1971 to 1979 - Idi Amin Dada. Some of the most famous dictators in history include, of course, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Nazi Germany from 1933-1945, Benito Mussolini, ruler of fascist Italy from 1922-1945, and Joseph Stalin,. The predominance of violent force in military training manifests in an acceptance of violence as a political tool and the ability to organize violence on a large scale. [16], Most dictatorships are formed through military means or through a political party. The 20th century also saw the rise of personalist dictatorships in Africa and military dictatorships in Latin America, both of which became prominent in the 1960s and 1970s. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), index of democracy and dictatorship or simply the DD index or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al.