Since the material projected requires no special preparation, the cost is very low. The pilot attempted four unsuccessful approaches with the controllers talking him through each approach. The instructors tools are teaching methods. Frequently, good organization and natural patterns of logic dictate the sequence. Revisions and alterations are easier to make at that time than after their completion. The effectiveness of the instructional aid is critical for this process. Clearly defined training objectives that the student understands are essential to the teaching process regardless of the teaching technique used, Research into how people learn has led many experts to recommend ways to present lessons that keep the attention of a class. Instructors can create their own overhead acetate or plastic transparencies, or they may purchase commercially produced ones. A brief introductory lecture can give direction and purpose to a demonstration or prepare students for a discussion by telling them something about the subject matter to be covered, In a lecture, the instructor can present many ideas in a relatively short time. For the maintenance instructor, this may mean monitoring the replacement of a carburetor. Models are especially adaptable to small group discussions in which students are encouraged to ask questions. If necessary, make assignments that give the students an adequate background for discussing the lesson topic. For the flight instructor, this may entail overseeing the preflight procedures. While developing the lesson, the instructor also should strongly consider the use of examples and personal experiences related to the subject of the lesson, After completing the preliminary planning and writing of the lesson plan, the instructor should rehearse the lecture to build self-confidence. In addition, they also provide realistic details necessary for visual recognition of important subject material. He is flying the four of them to the "big" football game. Many of the limitations of the overhead projector are also true of the opaque projector, CDs and DVDs are todays popular video instructional aids. The instructor should not, however, use substandard English. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Because these two phases, which involve separate actions, are performed concurrently, they are discussed here under a single heading. If students wish to learn about a particular area, they do so by clicking the mouse on a particular portion of the screen. It is extremely expensive, and versions with a head-mounted display sometimes produce unfavorable side effects, For those engaged in aviation training, the challenge is staying abreast of technological changes that apply to training and adopting those that are the most useful and cost effective. Since each teaching situation is unique, the setting and purpose of the lesson determines which teaching method is used, Todays instructor can choose from a wealth of ways to present instructional material: lecture, discussion, guided discussion, problem based, group learning, demonstrationperformance, or e-learning. This is a useful technique for displaying dial indications or fitting several parts of a component together so relative motion can be simulated, With any projection equipment, instructors should ensure the projector does not obstruct the students line of sight. Pictures, drawings, and photographs are especially effective because they provide common visual imagery for both instructors and students. They also tend to watch movies or TV in a passive way without attempting to absorb what they are seeing and hearing. In many cases, visual symbols and slogans can replace in-depth explanations. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of group learning is that it continually requires active participation of the student in the learning process, In spite of its advantages, success with cooperative or group learning depends on conditions and controls. Effective use of drill and practice revolves around knowing what skill is being developed. A curriculum for a pilot school usually includes courses for the various pilot certificates and ratings, while the curriculum for an aviation maintenance technician (AMT) addresses the subject areas described in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 147. The instructor should avoid the temptation to use the aids as a crutch. The instructor must logically organize the material to show the relationships of the main points. However, writing standards to evaluate a students level of learning or overt behavior in the affective domain (attitudes, beliefs, and values) is more difficult, The overall objective of an aviation training course is usually well established, and the general standards are included in various rules and related publications. All aviation instructors shoulder an enormous responsibility because their students will ultimately be flying, servicing, or repairing aircraft, but flight instructors have the additional responsibilities of evaluating student pilots and making a decision of when they are ready to solo. Within a single period, the instructor may unwittingly present more information than students can absorb, and the lecture method provides no accurate means of checking student progress, Many instructors find it difficult to hold the attention of all students in a lecture throughout the class period. An effective instructor possesses a strong motivation to teach, as well as a positive attitude toward learning. Words or terms used in an instructional aid should be carefully selected to convey the same meaning for the student as they do for the instructor. The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. The examiner also is required to assign a practical project from each subject area. Prior planning and rehearsal will help determine the important points and concepts that should be stressed, either during the presentation or as part of a summary. For example, in teaching aircraft maintenance, CAL programs produced by various aircraft manufacturers can be used to expose students to equipment not normally found at a maintenance school. Many scenarios were coupled to the maneuver until the student not only had the requisite skills, but also related them to many conditions where they would be needed. As the discussion proceeds, the instructor may find it necessary to guide the direction to stimulate the students to explore the subject in greater depth or to encourage them to discuss the topic in more detail. FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS Applicants for the Flight Instructor Rating shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing Transport Canada multiple choice examinations on the subjects contained in this guide. Whenever possible, the instructor should use specific rather than general words. For example, the instructors voice, printed text, video cassettes, interactive computer programs, part-task trainers, flight training devices, or flight simulators, and numerous other types of training devices are considered training media, In school settings, instructors may become involved in the selection and preparation of instructional aids, but they often are already in place. Just as the technician uses some tools more than others, the instructor uses some methods more often than others. A course of training also may be limited to something like the additional training required for operating high-performance airplanes, Other terms closely associated with a course of training include curriculum, syllabus, and training course outline. When the instructor points to each part of the model while explaining these relationships, the students can better understand the mechanical principles involved. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. It can be an enlargement, a reduction, or the same size as the original. Efforts in this area pay great dividends in terms of quality of instruction. Meaningful transition from one main point to another keeps the students oriented, aware of where they have been, and where they are going. The major advantage of CAL is that it is interactivethe computer responds in different ways, depending on student input. The tendency toward unnecessarily distracting artwork also should be avoided, Instructional aids should appeal to the student and be based on sound principles of instructional design. Depending on the requirements of any particular circumstances, a lecture is usually delivered in one of four ways: Reading from a typed or written manuscript, Reciting memorized material without the aid of a manuscript, Speaking extemporaneously from an outline, The teaching lecture is probably best delivered in an extemporaneous manner. C. cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior. An important factor is chart format. All refer to the same thing, the behavior of the student, These objectives provide a way of stating what performance level is desired of a student before the student is allowed to progress to the next stage of instruction. In recent years, video (VHS, compact disks (CDs), digital video disks (DVDs), or computer files), and computer slide shows incorporating text, graphics, video, and animations, have pushed aside traditional training aids. An effective aviation instructor uses the maneuver-based approach of the PTS but presents the objectives in a scenario situation, It has been found that flight students using SBT methods demonstrate stick-and-rudder skills equal to or better than students trained under the maneuver-based approach only. February 15, 2022 a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. In addition to its uses as a summary and transitional device, the interim summary may also be used to keep the group on the subject or to divert the discussion to another member, A guided discussion is closed by summarizing the material covered. Immediately thereafter, the instructor should have the student attempt to perform the maneuver, coaching as necessary. Research has shown that learning is an active processthe more involved students are in the process, the better they learn. Upon arrival at the airport the student makes decisions (with guidance and feedback as necessary) to safely enter and fly the traffic pattern, Before the end of the instructional period, the instructor should review what has been covered during the lesson and require the students to demonstrate how well the lesson objectives have been met. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Be certain of what is to be communicated, Gather the necessary data by researching for support material, Organize the material into an outline or a lesson plan. Electronic information on computer networks and bulletin boards is from commercial providers, as well as community, state, and national government agencies. The following code describes the concept of an aviation citizen. +44 (0)7540 787812 frances@constructionandbuildingphotography.com. From this measurement of student achievement, the instructor determines the effectiveness of the instruction, A time-honored training delivery method, drill and practice is based on the learning principle of exercise discussed in chapter 2, which holds that connections are strengthened with practice. An effective instructor uses a combination of teaching methods as well as instructional aids to achieve this goal. The airlines, as well as aeronautical programs at some colleges and universities, have used similar facilities for many years, Another type of computer-based technology, virtual reality (VR), creates a sensory experience that allows a participant to believe and barely distinguish a virtual experience from a real one. If the lecture has been carefully prepared, and the instructor is completely familiar with the outline, there should be no real difficulty, Notes used wisely can ensure accuracy, jog the memory, and dispel the fear of forgetting. Second and perhaps most important, this module will provide instructors with the guidance needed to develop their own FITS-based training curricula. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by PDF Advisory - Federal Aviation Administration female attractiveness scale with pictures; osdi 2021 accepted papers Basic VOR/NDB radio navigation procedures are also perishable and could save lives if proficiency is maintained. The conclusion consists of the summary of the main points. Here, the instructor develops the subject matter in a manner that helps the students achieve the desired learning outcomes. When a student is able to perform according to well-defined standards, evidence of learning is apparent. Regardless of which is used, it should relate to the subject and establish a background for developing the learning outcomes. During a classroom session, the instructor should provide students with an overview of the presentation before showing it. [Figure 4-14] The popularity of simulation games that provide players with complex situations and opportunities to learn have drawn educators into the gaming field as they seek interactive educational games that help students retain subject matter learning, The advantages of simulation/role-playing games come as the student learns new information, develops skills, connects and manipulates information. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. To be effective, an instructor utilizes people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills, This chapter explores the teaching process in general terms of how to prepare, present, apply, and assess lesson material. Of even more significance is that the same data also suggest that SBT students demonstrate better decision-making skills than maneuver based studentsmost likely because their training occurred while performing realistic flight maneuvers and not artificial maneuvers designed only for the test, Research also indicates SBT may lead to improved piloting and navigation skills over traditional maneuver-based training techniques. In the second, the instructor observes the pilots' behavior during the simulation, gives feedback if necessary and evaluates their skills. Performance-based objectives are essential in defining exactly what needs to be done and how it is done during each lesson. However, it is the instructors responsibility to plan, organize, develop, and present the major portion of a lesson, There are a number of advantages to lectures. However, use of standardized materials, including a syllabus, is recommended. It was a cautionary tale of a flight crew failing to compartmentalize their problems and adhere to the sterile cockpit rule. The instructor also can write on a blank transparency as the lesson progresses, much like a chalk or marker board. If the instructor sees puzzled expressions, denoting that the students do not understand the question, it should be rephrased in a slightly different form. Such material should be well organized and based on fundamentals, Organize the main and subordinate points of the lesson in a logical sequence. First, the material presented can be erased, allowing the surface to be used again and again; and second, the boards serve as an excellent medium for joint student-instructor activity in the classroom. Effective problems: Relate to the real world so students want to solve them, Are open ended and not limited to one correct answer, Are connected to previously learned knowledge as well as new knowledge, Risk management, ADM, automation management, situational awareness, and Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) awareness are the skills encompassed by HOTS. Once a determination of objectives and standards has been made, an instructor formulates a plan of action to lead students through the course in a logical manner toward the desired goal. While test preparation materials may be effective in preparing students for FAA tests, the danger is that students may learn to pass a given test, but fail to learn other critical information essential to safe piloting and maintenance practices. After the presentation, the instructor should allow time for questions and a summary of key points, Computer-generated slide shows have changed the way information is presented to todays student. Research into how people learn has been ongoing for almost one hundred years. For example, inserting conditions narrows the objective as follows: "Using sectional charts, a flight computer, and Cessna 172, navigate from point A to point B while maintaining standard hemispheric altitudes." By incorporating ADM and risk management into each lesson, the aviation instructor helps the student learn, develop, and reinforce the decision-making process which ultimately leads to sound judgment and good decision-making skills, Performance-based objectives are used to set measurable, reasonable standards that describe the desired performance of the student. More information on enhanced training materials is presented in chapter 6, Traditional aids in this group include slides, filmstrips, and transparencies for overhead projection. The goal might be a certificate of completion, graduation, or an academic degree. He has turned this knowledge into practical knowledge utilized in the teaching process. The main concern is to gain the attention of everyone and concentrate on the subject. The lecture method is adaptable to many different settings, including small or large groups. In studying jet propulsion, for example, the student might begin by considering the action involved in releasing air from a toy balloon and finish by taking part in a discussion of a complex gas turbine engine, Do not be afraid to omit "less important" information at first in order to simplify the learning process. making each lesson a pleasurable experience. Learning evolves as a result of the students interactions with the game, and these games usually promote the development of critical thinking skills, Not every aviation learning objective can be delivered via this teaching method, but it should prove to be a useful tool in the instructors tool box as the number and content of educational games increase, Cooperative or group learning organizes students into small groups who can work together to maximize their own and each others learning. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. It is important to remember that a training delivery method is rarely used by itself. Recordings of sounds and speeches should be tested for correct volume and quality in the actual environment in which they will be used. A postage stamp, typed material, textbook illustrations, or a defective spark plug are representative of the items that may be projected. This topic is explored more thoroughly in hapter 9, Professional Development, Management skills generally include the ability to plan, organize, lead, and supervise. Overlays can also be cut into various shapes and moved about in relation to the base transparency. An aviation instructor needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot or technician who should: Develop and exercise good judgment in making decisions, Adhere to prudent operating practices and personal operating parameters, and, Adhere to applicable laws and regulations. HOME; INTERIORS; EXTERIORS; OFFICE & PORTRAITS; PUBLICITY/EVENTS; CONSTRUCTION; INFO Aids are often appropriate when long segments of technical description are necessary, when a point is complex and difficult to put into words, when instructors find themselves forming visual images, or when students are puzzled by an explanation or description, Aids should be simple and compatible with the learning outcomes to be achieved. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. The height of usable objects is limited to the space between the top of the lowered projection plate and the body of the projector, usually about two or three inches. Some educators believe that television and the film industry have produced a visual culture that has actually changed the way people learn, Passive video, or video that the student watches like a movie, provide motion, color, sound, and in many cases, special effects with advanced graphic and animation techniques. They must also hold a current ATP or commercial certificate and earn a score of more than 70% on an FAA-administered flight instructor demonstrated knowledge test. A clear, concise presentation of the objective and the key ideas gives the students a road map of the route to be followed. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. The effective instructor is able to interpret the meaning of these reactions and adjust the lesson accordingly. With elearning, sophisticated databases can organize vast amounts of information that can be quickly sorted, searched, found, and cross-indexed, Due to the active nature of e-learning, the overall learning process is enhanced in several ways. For example, major aircraft manufacturers have developed CAL programs to teach aircraft systems and maintenance procedures to their employees, reducing the amount of manpower necessary to train aircrews and maintenance technicians on the new equipment. They can explore areas that interest them and discover more about a subject on their own. Computer-based training also can be designed so the progress of the student can be tracked and documented. For example, the instructor may talk about an occurrence where the knowledge in the lesson was applied. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Posted at 20:01h in what does mr mckee want from tom by However, once they are learned, they are integrated into more realistic and dynamic flight situations, Decision-based objectives are also important for the aviation instructor planning AMT training. The plan should include all key points that need to be covered. After the discussion develops, the instructor may ask a follow-up question to guide the discussion. Often, instructors must improvise and adapt to the existing circumstances in order to incorporate quality instructional aids, Some of the most common and economical aids are chalk or marker boards, and supplemental print materials, including charts, diagrams, and graphs. This may include important safety considerations, Select the ideas to be supported with instructional aids. All instructors who use test preparation publications should stress that these materials are not designed as stand-alone learning tools. Defining a "good instructor" has proven more elusive, but in The Essence of Good Teaching (1985), psychologist Stanford C. Ericksen wrote "good teachers select and organize worthwhile course material, lead students to encode and integrate this material in memorable form, ensure competence in the procedures and methods of a discipline, sustain intellectual curiosity, and promote how to learn independently", Much research has been devoted to trying to discover what makes a "good" or effective instructor. On the fifth approach, at five miles from the runway, the pilot stated that both engines quit due to fuel exhaustion. On the other hand, a student needs knowledge in order to build understanding of a subject, One last disadvantage of the lecture is that it does not foster attainment of certain types of learning outcome, such as motor skills, need to be perfected via hands-on practice. Content validity means that a particular maneuver or procedure closely mimics what is required. The traditional organization of a lesson plan is introduction, development, and conclusion, The introduction sets the stage for everything to come. The pilot did not report any mechanical deficiencies with the airplane during the attempted approaches. Guiding a Discussion - Instructor Technique: Introduce and encourage enthusiasm to stimulate discussion, Ask lead-off questions to get the discussion underway and keep the discussion interesting and engaging, Personal Computer-Based Aviation Training Devices (PCATDs), Form habits for observance and reliance on instruments, The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. A simple process can be used to determine if and where instructional aids are necessary, Clearly establish the lesson objective. A well-planned lesson means the instructor is also practicing time management skills and ensures the time allocated for the lesson is well used. An instructor should write performance-based objectives to fit the desired outcome of the lesson. These programs typically allow the students to select a test, complete the questions, and find out how they did on the test. In its basic form, CAL is a combination of more than one instructional media, such as audio, text, graphics, and video (or film) usually shown on a PC, With CAL, the roles of both student and instructor change. Effective use of questions may result in more student learning than any other single technique used by instructors. A game gives the learner a stake in the outcome by putting the learner into the shoes of a character (role playing) who needs to overcome a real world scenario. This, coupled with culturally diverse backgrounds of todays students, makes it necessary for instructors to be precise in their choice of terminology. An increasingly popular form of teaching, the case study contains a story relative to the student that forces him or her to deal with situations encountered in real life, The instructor presents the case to the students who then analyze it, come to conclusions, and offer possible solutions. Measured in number of people in the profession, teaching is one of the worlds largest professions. Research indicates that students completing cooperative learning group tasks tend to have higher test scores, higher self-esteem, improved social skills, and greater comprehension of the subjects they are studying. The most basic stepping stones to be traversed by a student pilot going after a certificate involve figuring out where she or he wants the airplane to go and learning the monkey motion involved in causing it to go there. Remember, a good inflight scenario is more than an hour of flight time; it is also a learning experience. [Figure 4-1]. The instructor may use an overhead question to pose the lead-off question. B. want to escape from frustrating situations. There is no guarantee that all of this information is current, or even accurate, It is important to prepare an organized plan of action, Most frequently used to least frequently used, Introducing students to new subject material, Showing relationships between theory and practice, and, No direct reaction from students but economical, Establish the objective and desired outcomes, Help jog memory and ensures important points are emphasized, Can supplement other teaching devices and methods, Students tend to interact and achieve in ways and at levels that are rarely found with other instructional strategies, Clear directions on what the student is going to do, All members of the group must accept the objectives as ones they have agreed to achieve, Tasks are structured so that students must depend upon one another for their group's success in completing and mastering the target objectives, Student must not feel penalized for being placed in a particular group, The focus of learning tasks must be aligned with the specific objectives, Each student and group should be provided the amount of time needed to learn the targeted information, Students must engage in interactive abilities as leadership, Each student must be formally and individually tested to determine mastery and retention, Only members of groups who meet established levels of achievement receive the rewards, Lead-off Question - opens up an area for discussion (how or why, not what or when), Follow-up Question - guides into discussion, Students should be encouraged to participate. Generally, instructional aids that are relatively simple are best suited for this purpose, In addition to helping students remember important information, instructional aids have other advantages. The criteria should be stated so that there is no question whether the objective has been met.